VEGF, an angiogenesis stimulator, suppresses tumor immunity by inhibiting the maturation of dendritic cells, and induces immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
Low-frequency ultrasound-induced VEGF suppression and synergy with dendritic cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in murine prostate cancer cells in vitro.
Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes the immunosuppressive microenvironment, the efficacy of bevacizumab (Bev) on tumor immunity has not been fully investigated.