VEGF, an angiogenesis stimulator, suppresses tumor immunity by inhibiting the maturation of dendritic cells, and induces immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes the immunosuppressive microenvironment, the efficacy of bevacizumab (Bev) on tumor immunity has not been fully investigated.
Low-frequency ultrasound-induced VEGF suppression and synergy with dendritic cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in murine prostate cancer cells in vitro.