After adjusting for covariables including traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, C-reactive protein, and history of CVD, the medians (interquartile range) were 133.08 (90.39, 204.15) in patients with CKD vs. 114.17 (72.45, 170.32) pg/mL in controls without CKD (p = 0.002 for group difference) for VEGF-A; 3951.2 (2471.9, 6656.6) vs. 4270.5 (2763.7, 6537.2) pg/mL (p = 0.70) for angiopoietin-1; 25.87 (18.09, 47.90) vs. 36.55 (25.71, 61.10) (p = 0.0001) for angiopoietin-1/VEGF-A ratio; 147.81 (122.94, 168.79) vs. 144.16 (123.74, 168.05) ng/mL (p = 0.25) for VEGFR-1; 26.20 (22.67, 29.92) vs. 26.28 (23.10, 29.69) ng/mL (p = 0.31) for VEGFR-2; and 1.01 (0.79, 1.49)vs. 0.89 (0.58, 1.18) ng/mL (p = 0.01) for pentraxin-3, respectively.
In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of representative endogenous antiangiogenic factors, including soluble fms-related tyrosine kinase 1, soluble endoglin, pigment epithelium-derived factor, VEGF-A<sub>165</sub>b, endostatin, and vasohibin-1, in associations with kidney diseases and discuss their predictive potentials as biomarkers of progression of CKD.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and the prevalence of smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidaemia revealed that rs4845625 of IL6R (P = 0.0008; dominant model; odds ratio, 1.49), rs4773144 of COL4A1 (P = 0.0252; dominant model; odds ratio, 1.28), and rs9319428 of FLT1 (P = 0.0260: additive model; odds ratio, 0.77) were significantly associated with CKD.