The hub genes in the modules were acetyl‑CoA carboxylase α, cyclin‑dependent kinase 1, Wilm's tumour 1, NPHS2 stomatin family member, podocin, JunB proto‑oncogene, AP‑1 transcription factor subunit, activating transcription factor 3, forkhead box O1 and v‑abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1, which were confirmed to be significantly differentially expressed in CKD biopsies.