IL-4 serum levels were demonstrated to be increased in honnone-refractory PCa and IL-4 was shown to enhance PSA reporter gene activity by the activation of AR NTD in human LNCaP cells.
Recently, tyrosine kinase Ack1 has been shown to regulate AR activity by phosphorylating it at tyrosine 267 and this event was shown to be critical for AIPC growth.
Androgen receptor down regulation by small interference RNA induces cell growth inhibition in androgen sensitive as well as in androgen independent prostate cancer cells.