VXM01 is a first-in-kind orally applied tumor vaccine based on live attenuated <i>Salmonella</i> typhi carrying an expression plasmid encoding VEGFR2, an antigen expressed on tumor vasculature and a stable and accessible target for anti-angiogenic intervention.
Increases in tumor vasculature and cell proliferation during VEGFR-TKI treatment breaks, suggests this period is an optimal time to schedule synergistic chemotherapy and warrants further investigation.
DIPGs are vascularized tumors and interestingly, REST loss in DIPG cells also caused a substantial decline in tumor vasculature as measured by a decrease in CD31 and VEGFR2 staining.
Successful inhibition of tumor growth was also achieved by efficient oral delivery of VEGFR2 with nanoparticle-coated bacterial vectors due to angiogenesis suppression in the tumor vasculature and tumor necrosis.
DPT-induced activation of AMPK in tumor vasculature effect was also verified by transgenic zebrafish (VEGFR2:GFP), Matrigel plug assay, and xenograft model in nude mice.
Our study demonstrates VEGFR-2 as an essential molecule to sustain the "stemness" of GSLCs, their capacity to initiate tumor vasculature, and direct initiation of tumor.
To eliminate this, biotin-coated ultrasound contrast agents, or microbubbles (MBs), were streptavidin-coupled with biotinylated antibodies to three distinct tumor vasculature-associated receptors (α(V)β(3) integrin, P-selectin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) for systemic targeting of a previously generated vector Ad5/3-Id1-SEAP-Id1-mCherry.
Mouse and human T cells were engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeted against VEGFR-2, which is overexpressed in tumor vasculature and is responsible for VEGF-mediated tumor progression and metastasis.
Immunohistochemical analysis of VEGFR-2 and CD31 supported SPECT and autoradiographic imaging findings, revealing the corresponding depletion of VEGFR-2- and CD31-positive endothelial cells from tumor vasculature during therapy and the rapid reemergence of VEGFR-2- and CD31-positive vasculature at the tumor edges after discontinuation of treatment.
However, expression of Tiel and VEGFR-2 mRNA by the tumor vasculature in select stage IA-IIB patients, and FGFR-1 mRNA expression by the tumor cells in the same clinical stages was found.
KDR and Flt-1 were expressed in the tumor vasculature, with particularly high levels seen in coiled young proliferating vessels, especially those in the cyst wall.