Diabetic nephropathy (dNP), a leading cause of end-stage renal disease in industrialized countries, is mechanistically closely linked with ER stress and renal cell death.
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) affects about 40% of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) all over the world, especially in high- and middle-income countries.
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major microvascular complication that develops in nearly 20-30% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is currently the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD).
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) was categorized by urinary albumin excretion (UAE) as normoalbuminuria (n=247), microalbuminuria (n=68), macroalbuminuria (n=70), or the presence of end-stage renal disease (dialysis; n=134).