Frozen tissue from primary cutaneous melanomas (n = 23) and metastases (n = 17) were microdissected, and microsatellite markers D10S541 and D10S547, flanking the gene on both sides, were used to search for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the PTEN gene locus.
The high mutation rate in advanced brain tumors, recent functional studies, and the high frequency of mutations in prostate metastases all strongly suggest that PTEN/MMAC1 alterations are involved in the formation of metastases.
Five of 32 (16%) primary prostate cancers from Chinese men and two of six metastases from American men showed mutations in a total of 10 codons of PTEN, which involved exons 1, 2, 5, 8, and 9.
Ex vivo introduction of MMAC/PTEN expression did not inhibit the tumorigenicity of orthotopically implanted PC3 cells, but it did significantly reduce tumor size and completely inhibited the formation of metastases.
The present study has assessed the in situ expression of PTEN mRNA and protein in 26 prostate intraepithelial neoplasias (PINs), 58 primary prostate carcinomas, and 15 metastases.
We observed EGFR gene deregulation in 25 out of 36 primary tumours and 29 out of 36 metastases, K-Ras mutations in 16 out of 37 cancers and in 15 out of 37 metastases, BRAF mutations in 2 out of 36 cancers and 2 out of 36 metastases and PTEN loss in 8 out of 38 cancers and 12 out of 38 metastases.
Further, immunohistochemistry revealed significant correlation of decreased PTEN protein expression with PTEN genomic deletion both in localized and metastatic cancer.
Furthermore, PTEN loss in metastases may be predictive of resistance to anti-EGFR mAbs, even if PTEN determination is far from an immediate clinical application.
Therefore, the mRNA expression of the four members of the HER family as well as the frequency of PTEN allelic loss and KRAS/BRAF mutations were determined in pretreatment biopsies from a series of 100 locally advanced rectal cancers and then their ability to predict distant metastases was evaluated.
We quantified PTEN in 135 clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) by Western blot analysis and found statistically significant lower PTEN expression in patients who died, usually caused by metastases, within 5 years after surgery, compared to those surviving this time period.
On the other hand, the immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR, PTEN and pAKT showed a much higher degree of discordance between primaries and related metastases.
Multivariate analysis determined that HER2 overexpression was associated with an increasing risk of developing metastases (OR: 4.3; 95%CI: 1.2-15.9; p: 0.03) while PTEN overexpression was associated with lower risk (OR: 0.1; 95%CI: 0.1, 1.0; p: 0.05).
To our knowledge, this is the first report to show the presence of PTEN promoter CpG hypermethylation in ESCC and its association with tumor metastasis.
Proportional hazard models were used to assess PTEN expression and its interaction with IGF-IR, in relation to lethal prostate cancer (cancer-specific death or distant metastases).