Additionally, taking into account numerous experimental and clinical data demonstrating rather insufficient therapeutic potential of VEGF, we called into question the role of this protein in limb ischemia and vessel regeneration.
Also, we recently showed the superior therapeutic potential of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF-2) boosted by the recombinant Sendai virus (SeV) for severe limb ischemia compared with that of vascular endothelial growth factor.
As part of a phase I clinical trial to document the safety and efficacy of intramuscular gene transfer of naked plasmid DNA-encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (phVEGF165) in the treatment of critical limb ischemia, we treated TAO in 6 patients.
Effective sEVs (e-sEVs) also improved vascular remodeling and prevented muscle damage in a mouse model of acute hind limb ischemia. e-sEV angiogenic proteomic and transcriptomic analyses show a positive correlation with matrix-metalloproteinase activation and extracellular matrix organization, cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways, Insulin-like Growth Factor and platelet pathways, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor signaling.
Enrichment of vascular endothelial growth factor secreting mesenchymal stromal cells enhances therapeutic angiogenesis in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia.
In case of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a cytokine secreted from intact cells, bioavailability and meaningful angiogenic bioactivity was shown to be achievable by intramuscular gene transfer in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia.
Intramuscular injection of SeV strongly boosted FGF-2, resulting in significant therapeutic effects for limb salvage with increased blood perfusion associated with enhanced endogenous VEGF expression in murine models of critical limb ischemia.
Loss of osteoglycin promotes angiogenesis in limb ischaemia mouse models via modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 signalling pathway.
MSCs engineered to overexpress VEGF strongly induced the migration of endothelial cells and enhanced blood flow restoration in a xenograft model of hind limb ischemia.
Our results indicate that NOS1177D gene delivery to the ischemic skeletal muscle can be efficient to reverse critical limb ischemia in pathological settings, which are refractory to treatments with a single growth factor, such as vascular endothelial growth factor.
Pre-clinical studies and Phase I clinical trials using VEGF and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) demonstrated promising results; however, more rigorous Phase II and III clinical trials failed to demonstrate benefits for CLI patients.
Recent human clinical trials have shown that injection of naked DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia or chronic myocardial ischemia.
Recently, the efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis using VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) gene transfer has been reported in human patients with critical limb ischemia and myocardial ischemia.
Several studies of stem cell-based gene therapy have indicated that long-lasting regeneration following vessel ischemia may be stimulated through VEGFA gene therapy and/or MSC transplantation for reduction of ischemic injury in limb ischemia and heart failure.
The study aims to use cholesterol (Chol) + DOTAP liposome (CD liposome) based human vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF(165)) gene transfer into skeletal myoblasts (SkMs) for treatment of acute hind limb ischaemia in a rabbit model.
The therapeutic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor gene- or heme oxygenase-1 gene-modified endothelial progenitor cells on neovascularization of rat hindlimb ischemia model.
These findings may be cautiously interpreted to indicate that intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA achieves constitutive overexpression of VEGF sufficient to induce therapeutic angiogenesis in selected patients with critical limb ischemia.