Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) are a group of autoinflammatory diseases linked to gain-of-function mutations in the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) gene, which cause uncontrolled IL-1β secretion.
The first 4 described AID were familial Mediterranean fever, cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndrome (CAPS) or NLRP3-associated autoinflammatory disease (NRLP3-AID), mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) and TNFRSF1A-receptor associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS).
Remarkably, single TLR4 stimulation is sufficient to activate massive, GSDMD-mediated IL-1β secretion in monocytes from patients affected by Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS), an autoinflammatory disease linked to NLRP3 mutations.
Gain-of-function missense mutations in NLRP3 result in a group of autoinflammatory diseases collectively known as the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS).
CARD8 encodes a protein component of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which plays an important role in inflammation and contributes to the pathology of various autoinflammatory diseases.
Moreover, the NLRC3 CARD alone could dampen IL-1β secretion and ASC speck formation induced by NALP3 mutants associated with autoinflammatory diseases.
The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in host defense by facilitating caspase I activation and maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, whereas dysregulation of inflammasome activity results in autoinflammatory disease.
: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), and chronic, infantile, neurological, cutaneous and articular (CINCA) syndrome are dominantly inherited autoinflammatory diseases associated to gain-of-function NLRP3 mutations and included in the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS).
CAPS is a rare autoinflammatory disease associated with mutations in the NLRP3 gene that result in overactivation of the inflammasome, increased secretion of IL-1beta and IL-18, and systemic inflammation.
Activation of the inflammasome is a critical event triggering IL-1-driven inflammation and is central to the pathology of autoinflammatory diseases, such as gout and MWS.
Medical records of all male MWS patients with NLRP3 mutations followed in our tertiary center for inherited autoinflammatory diseases were reviewed retrospectively for data indicating fertility problems.
Chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome (CINCA), also known as neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), is a dominantly inherited systemic autoinflammatory disease and is caused by a heterozygous germline gain-of-function mutation in the NLRP3 gene.
Recent studies suggest that NALP3 and CARD-8 functional mutations contribute to the development of autoinflammatory diseases including hereditary periodic fever syndrome, arthritis as well as hypertension susceptibility.
Mutations in the cold-induced autoinflammatory syndrome 1 (CIAS1) gene are associated with a spectrum of autoinflammatory diseases, including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome, and chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, articular syndrome, also known as neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease.