Moreover, HCN4 mutation carriers were more frequently associated with AF (43.8%) and LVNC (50%) and with older age at pacemaker implantation (43.5 ± 22.1 years) than were SCN5A mutation carriers (17.8 ± 16.5 years; P <.001).
The LVNC patients with heart failure also had high occurrence of SCN5A variants, suggesting the presence of SCN5A variants and/or arrhythmias increase the severity of LVNC.