Substitution of arginine by glycine at amino acid 213 (R213G) of its HBD was first identified in patients with heart failure, followed by many studies that focused on the role of this variant (SOD3(R213G)) in ischemic heart disease and cardiovascular disease.
Risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure was higher in R213G heterozygotes versus non-carriers in diabetic subjects, but not in non-diabetic subjects.