SPOP promotes ATF2 ubiquitination and degradation, and ATF2 is an important mediator of SPOP inactivation-induced cell proliferation, migration and invasion.
Cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities in the sorafenib and siRNA‑ATF2 groups were significantly reduced compared with the control group (P<0.05).
We also confirmed that ATF2 binds to the promoter of miR-132 and tightly regulates its transcription, thus explaining the regulatory mechanism of miR-132 by Pak1. miR-132 also significantly reduced cell adhesion, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro and significantly prevented tumor metastasis in vivo. miR-132 specifically inhibited hematogenous metastasis, but not lymph node or implantation metastases.
ATF2 knockdown and overexpression studies were performed in RCC cells to evaluate changes in cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion.
In the present study, we investigated whether the PKCα/Nox-2/ATF-2/MMP-9 signaling pathway is involved in the invasive behavior of lung cancer and whether curcumin could inhibit invasion by modulating this pathway.