Moreover, patients with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage had abnormally high IL4+ as well as abnormally high IFNy+ NK cells (p < 0.010) but similar IL10+ NK cell numbers as female healthy controls and showed the lowest plasma levels of IL10, TGFß3, IL1RA, IL1ß, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL17, TNFα, GM-CSF, TPO and VEGF and the highest plasma levels of G-CSF, FGF-basic, CCL3 and CXCL5 as compared to female HC and female transplant recipients (for all p < 0.050).
Administration of G-CSF at embryo transfer and during early pregnancy in recurrent miscarriage patients with KIR-HLA-C mismatch undergoing egg donation ART treatment does not convey a higher risk of perinatal complications.
A further four observational studies where G-CSF was used in a recurrent miscarriage population were identified in the literature, two of which confirmed statistically significant increase in clinical pregnancy and live birth rates.
With placebo as control, corticosteroid plus low dose aspirin (LDA) plus unfractionated heparin (UFH), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone, and LDA plus low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) all demonstrated effectiveness in increasing successful live birth rates and reducing the incidences of miscarriage.