As a strategy to define the embryonic origin and neurochemical phenotype of cells in this disease, we probed specimens (n = 10) resected during epilepsy surgery with a panel of 13 antibodies recognizing proteins associated with (i) specific progenitor cell types including brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4), Dlx1, Dlx2, GFAPdelta, MASH1, Otx1, Pax6, vimentin and phosphorylated vimentin and (ii) excitatory or inhibitory neurochemical phenotypes such as the vesicular glutamate transporters-1 and 2 (VGLUT-1, VGLUT-2), or the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT).