Experiments with cell lines, patient serum and tissue identified IL1B, CSF3 and TIMP1 as potential plasma markers and VIM, STC1, TGFB1 and HMOX1 as potential biopsy markers for GBM.
Fenofibrate significantly upregulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) at protein and mRNA levels in human glioblastoma LN-18 cells and rat brain astrocytes respectively, but nuclear factor kappalight- chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) was downregulated after fenofibrate treatment.
Northern blot analysis showed that treatment with interferon-gamma and with interleukin-1beta for 24 h decreased the expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA to approximately 20 and approximately 50% of the control levels, respectively, in a human glioblastoma cell line, T98G.
In a human glioblastoma cell line, T98G, treatment with any of three types of NO donors--sodium nitroprusside, 3-morpholinosydnonimine, and S-nitroso-L-glutathione--caused a significant increase in the levels of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA but not in the levels of heme oxygenase-2 and heat-shock protein 70 mRNAs.