|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
AlteredExpression
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
To determine the functional significance of the c-raf-1 and/or c-myc gene expression in lung carcinogenesis and to delineate the relationship between protooncogene expression and tumor phenotype, we introduced both protooncogenes, alone or in combination, into human bronchial epithelial cells.
|
2557616 |
1989 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Human bronchial epithelial cells transformed by the c-raf-1 and c-myc protooncogenes induce multidifferentiated carcinomas in nude mice: a model for lung carcinogenesis.
|
1712250 |
1991 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status.
|
12198537 |
2002 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
These data suggest that mutational activation of the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway in nevi is a critical step in the initiation of melanocytic neoplasia but alone is insufficient for melanoma tumorigenesis.
|
12447372 |
2003 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
For CLU, IGF-2, and RAF-1, which are apparent candidate genes because they had been previously described to be involved in tumorigenesis of other human malignancies, we found a high expression on the mRNA as well as the protein level.
|
14578171 |
2003 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Our results support the hypothesis that proximal and distal colorectal tumors with mismatch repair deficiency harbor different genetic alterations, and we suggest that the involvement of the RAS/RAF pathway in colorectal tumorigenesis is differentially modulated according to tumor location and MLH1 inactivation.
|
14695993 |
2004 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
These studies suggest that despite the mutual exclusivity of K-Ras and B-Raf mutations in human cancer and the well-described role for Raf proteins as Ras effectors, B-Raf is dispensable for K-Ras-mediated oncogenesis in a human cancer cell line.
|
15026326 |
2004 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
These results demonstrate that the TJ protein occludin has a potent inhibitory effect on the Raf1-mediated tumorigenesis, and the second extracellular loop of occludin appears to be critical for this function.
|
15806147 |
2005 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
The Ras effectors serine/threonine kinase (Raf-1), the Ral-GDP dissociation stimulator (Ral-GDS) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) are involved in the activation of ChoK during tumorigenesis.
|
16719778 |
2006 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Alterations in the RAS and RAF pathway relate to epigenetic and epigenomic aberrations, and are important in colorectal carcinogenesis.
|
19934290 |
2009 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
These included Raf1 and multiple other genes involved in EGFR signaling and tumorigenesis.
|
19073608 |
2009 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
However, initially specific functions of RAF during tumorigenesis have to be elucidated.
|
19082503 |
2009 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
AlteredExpression
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Furthermore, SGKs lie downstream of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3Kinase) signalling and interact at various levels with RAS/RAF/ERK signalling, two pathways that are involved in promoting tumorigenesis.
|
20919962 |
2010 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
AlteredExpression
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Conditional expression of oncogenic C-RAF in mouse pulmonary epithelial cells reveals differential tumorigenesis and induction of autophagy leading to tumor regression.
|
22131876 |
2011 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
As a major function in signal transduction, activating mutations in RAF family kinases are the cause of human tumorigenesis, where B-RAF V600E has been identified as the prevalent mutant.
|
22194995 |
2011 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Squamous cell tumors from patients treated with an RAF inhibitor have a distinct mutational profile that supports a mechanism of therapy-induced tumorigenesis in RAS-primed cells.
|
22067401 |
2012 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Alterations in the RAS-RAF-MAP2K (MEK)-MAPK signaling pathway are major drivers in colorectal carcinogenesis.
|
22147942 |
2012 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
However, there is also evidence that RAF inhibitors might induce carcinogenesis or promote tumor progression via stimulation of MAPK signaling in RAF wild-type cells.
|
22614973 |
2012 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
AlteredExpression
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 2 signaling pathway is a major component of the RAS (Rat sarcoma)/RAF (Radpidly accelerated fibrosarcoma)/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)/ERKs (Extracellular signal-regulated kinases) signaling axis that regulates tumorigenesis and cancer cell growth.
|
23354306 |
2013 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Taken together these data indicate that B-RAF is an important factor in oncogenic C-RAF-mediated tumorigenesis.
|
25096573 |
2014 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
The identification of mutationally activated BRAF in many cancers altered our conception of the part played by the RAF family of protein kinases in oncogenesis.
|
24957944 |
2014 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
The tyrosine kinase receptors/RAS/RAF/MAPK cascade is a site of mutational events associated with thyroid carcinogenesis.
|
23806056 |
2014 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
GeneticVariation
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
Low grade serous ovarian tumours are a rare and under-characterised histological subtype of epithelial ovarian tumours, with little known of the molecular drivers and facilitators of tumorigenesis beyond classic oncogenic RAS/RAF mutations.
|
26506417 |
2015 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
Biomarker
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
This Minireview highlights common and divergent features of RAF paralogs, their signaling outputs, and roles in tumorigenesis.
|
26000477 |
2015 |
|
Carcinogenesis
|
0.100 |
AlteredExpression
|
phenotype |
BEFREE |
BRAF and KRAS genes are known to play a similar role in the activation of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway in colorectal tumorigenesis.
|
27082577 |
2016 |