Immunostaining for CD163, MAC387 and CD68 was performed in a breast cancer tissue micro array from 127 patients consequently followed up for a median of 13 years.
The aim of this study was; 1) To explore alterations in the TP53 gene with respect to resistance to a regular dose epirubicin regimen (90 mg/m(2) every 3 week) in patients with primary, locally advanced breast cancer; 2) Identify critical mechanisms activating p53 in response to DNA damage in breast cancer; 3) Evaluate in vitro function of Chk2 and p14 proteins corresponding to identified mutations in the CHEK2 and p14((ARF)) genes; and 4) Explore potential CHEK2 or p14((ARF)) germline mutations with respect to family cancer incidence.
p14 expression seems to increase initially in early breast cancer and decrease with further tumour progression. p14 may be induced to counteract immortalisation and hTERT surge.
Specific knockdown analysis revealed that S100A9 is the major factor responsible for the chemoresistance of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide induced by BBP-stimulated TADCs in breast cancer.
Finally, gene expression analysis from human breast cancer patients revealed increased expression of the human MDSC markers CD33 and S100A9 with concomitant decreased expression of pericyte genes and was associated with poor prognosis (HR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.08 to 3.25, P = .03).
Identification of MMTV-associated p14 proteins in benign breast tissues confirms prior PCR-based studies that MMTV infection occurs before the development of MMTV positive breast cancer.