Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to determine HO-1 protein levels on POD 1. von Frey testing showed significantly greater pain hypersensitivity in the control and PBS/CS groups than the bFGF/CS group.
The PSQI scores were significantly correlated with nocturnal and active pain scores and ROM and functional scores from postoperative day 1 (POD1) to POD3.
Pain score was compared over these 2 groups to investigate treatment outcomes.In all, 470 patients met the selection criteria for group P and 266 patients met the selection criteria for group N + P. Compared with group P, the VAS score decreased significantly in group N + P at POD 1 (P < .001), and the same was observed at POD 2 (P < .001); the moderate to severe pain incidence rate decreased significantly in group N + P at POD 1 (P < .01) and POD 2 (motion, P < .001).
Compared to placebo, zolpidem reduced postoperative pain scores during POD1-7/POD1-14 in 2 studies, but only 1 trial suggested clinically meaningful improvement (ie, relative reduction of pain score ≥ 30%).
Patients who were given scopolamine had lower Visual Analog Scale pain scores on postoperative days (POD) 0 through 2 (P < .01), were able to walk further distances on POD 0 through 3 (P < .001), and received fewer morphine equivalents on POD 1 and 2 (P < .001).
The intervention group reported significantly lower NRS pain scores on ambulation than the control group on POD 1 (difference in means [95% confidence interval], -3.3 [-4.0 to -2.7]; P < .001).
In the outcomes of ACB + PAI versus ACB, ACB + PAI was associated with statistically significant lower pain scores on POD 0 and 1 (whether at rest or during movement), lower opioid consumption on POD 1, more distance walked on POD 1.
Unadjusted GABA exposure was associated with significantly lower opioid use on POD1 and 2 (49% and 31%mme/kg/d, respectively) and lower pain scores (14%) on POD2.
Compared with non-EA patients, EA patients had significantly lower pain scores on POD 0 (1.10 (0-3.00) versus 3.00 (1.67-5.00), P < 0.001) and POD 1 (2.00 (0.50-3.41) versus 3.00 (2.00-3.80), P = 0.001), though significantly higher pain scores on POD 3 (3.00 (2.00-4.00) versus 2.33 (1.50-4.00), P < 0.001) and POD 4 (2.50 (1.50-3.67) versus 2.00 (0.50-3.00), P = 0.007).
There was no significant difference in pain on POD 0, but a statistically significant decrease in average pain scores with CISB on POD 1 (2.3 vs. 4.3, P<0.01).
DEX patients also had less pain on movement POD 1 (3.00 (2.12) vs. 4.30 (3.10), p = 0.043) and POD 2 (2.10 (1.98) vs. 3.10 (2.46), p = 0.040), with higher resumption of daily activities by 48 h compared to placebo, 87% vs. 63%, p = 0.04.
Our study demonstrates that at POD 1 the use of the fascia closure device results in higher pain scores without a significant difference in closure time.
Secondary outcomes included postoperative day 1 (POD1) and day 2 (POD2) KES, pain scores at rest and peak effort, and opioid consumption; variation at 6 weeks of Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, patient satisfaction, and length of hospital stay.
On the first postoperative day (POD1), mean pain reduction was NRS 1.9 for the lidocaine group with an improvement of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 0.51 L. Similar results were shown on the second postoperative day (POD2) with a decreased pain level of mean NRS 1.65 and an FEV1 improvement of 0.26 L. In comparison, results of the placebo group showed no significant pain reduction, neither on the POD1 (NRS 0.35; <i>p</i> = 0.429) nor on the POD2 (NRS 0.55; <i>p</i> = 0.159).
Compared with CS group, patients in ERAS group had low peak of WBCs in postoperative day (POD1), ALT in POD1 and POD3 (P < .05), high value of ALB in POD3 and POD5 (P < .05), less pain and higher patient satisfaction (P < .001), earlier exhaust, oral feeding, ambulation and extubation time (P < .05),and also had less hospital stay and cost (P < .001).