In Subtype 2, a significantly higher incidence was observed in T1D cases carrying the TYK2 promoter variant (OR, 2.60; 95%CI, 1.03-6.97; p=0.032), and also showing a flu-like syndrome at diabetes onset (OR, 2.34; 95%CI, 1.27-4.35; p=0.003).
A TYK2 promoter haplotype with multiple genetic polymorphisms, which are in complete linkage disequilibrium, named TYK2 promoter variant, presenting decreased promoter activity, is associated with an increased risk of not only T1D (odds ratio (OR), 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2 to 4.6; P = 0.01), but also T2D (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.1; P = 0.03).