Heterozygosity for the C282Y (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.04-3.25), homozygosity for the H63D HFE (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.04-4) mutations, and the beta-thalassemia trait (OR 2.57 95% CI 1.49-4.47) were all predominantly associated with parenchymal siderosis, independently of age, sex, body mass index, alcohol intake, ferritin, and transferrin saturation.
In men, all C282Y heterozygotes had iron overload, and the H63D mutation was significantly more frequent in patients with more marked hepatic siderosis than in those with mild or no siderosis (P = .0039) and in controls (P = .0008).