Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFCS) is a rare developmental disorder that is phenotypically similar to Noonan syndrome and is associated with mutations in BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, and KRAS.
BRAF mutations are involved in more than 80% of CFC syndrome patients, and we have reported earlier that 2 CFC patients with BRAF mutations developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
B-Raf+/LSLV600E mice are viable and display several of the characteristic features observed in CFC patients, including reduced life span, small size, facial dysmorphism, cardiomegaly, and epileptic seizures.
A 7-year-8-month-old boy with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome caused by the D638E mutation of the B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) presented with new-onset seizures.
A girl with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome due to a BRAF gene mutation (c.1454T→C, p.L485S) experienced repetitive epileptic spasms at the corrected age of 4 months.
Although this mutation is one of the most common mutations in CFC, to our knowledge, this is the first molecularly confirmed BRAF mutation causing CFC in siblings.
As the role of the RAS/MAPK pathway in HCM pathogenesis is unclear, we generated a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model for CFCS from three patients with activating BRAF mutations.
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is one of the RASopathies and is caused by alteration of activity through the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway due to heterozygous de novo mutations in protein kinases BRAF, MEK1, or MEK2.
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a developmental disorder caused by constitutively active ERK signaling manifesting mainly from BRAF mutations.
Cardio-facio-cutaneous and Noonan syndromes due to mutations in the RAS/MAPK signalling pathway: genotype-phenotype relationships and overlap with Costello syndrome.
Cardio-facio-cutaneous and Noonan syndromes due to mutations in the RAS/MAPK signalling pathway: genotype-phenotype relationships and overlap with Costello syndrome.
Clinical review of known individuals with MEK1/MEK2 mutations suggests that these patients show dysmorphic features, ectodermal abnormalities and cognitive deficit similar to what was observed in BRAF-mutated patients and in the general CFCS population.