Metastasis suppressor NM23 limits oxidative stress in mammals by preventing activation of stress-activated protein kinases/JNKs through its nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity.
Nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 are putative metastasis suppressor genes that encode nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) A and B. NDPKs form oligomers distributed between soluble and particulate fractions of cells and therefore may exert their effects as either soluble or bound proteins.
Nm23 expression was significantly reduced and Ki67 antigen expression increased in primary tumours with either lymph node or organ metastases in comparison to tumours without metastases.
Nm23-H1 is a well-known tumor metastasis suppressor, which functions as a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase converting nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates with an expense of ATP.
Nm23-H1 is a metastasis suppressor gene whose overexpression is associated with both reduced cell motility in various cancers and increased metastatic potential in neuroblastomas, osteosarcomas, and hematological malignances.
NM23 is a multifunctional gene, which inhibits tumor metastasis and regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and apoptosis; however, there is little research about NM23 in promoting liver cell proliferation.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NDPKA) expression before and after transfection was examined, as well as changes in cell invasiveness and metastasis capabilities.
nm23 has properties of a metastasis suppressor gene and also has been implicated in the control of response to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) by studies in melanoma cells.
Nm23 is a putative metastasis suppressor gene and alterations in this gene have been reported in colorectal carcinomas suggestive of a role for nm23 in the dissemination of these tumours.
A detailed study of the structure and function of the promoter element of the nm23-H1 gene will help in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of nm23 expression and its role in tumor progression, especially in metastasis.