In this study, we examined the possible effects of anti-Ly6G-mediated systemic neutrophil depletion and liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LEC)-mediated systemic macrophage depletion on the inflammatory signs (thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, oedema and fever) and measured the levels of various inflammation markers (tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α/CCL3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in paw and spinal cord tissues in carrageenan (CG)-induced hindpaw inflammation model in rats.
Our results indicate that certain haplotypes in the IL-1 gene complex and in IL18 and IL4 predict an altered likelihood of the development of fever after smallpox vaccination.
Treatment with the highest dose of EA-230 resulted in a significant attenuation of the LPS-induced increase in plasma levels of inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1 receptor antagonist, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory proteins-1α and -1β, and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (% reduction of 48, 28, 33, 28, 14, 16 and 19 respectively, p < .01), and reduced fever (peak decrease from 1.8 ± 0.1°C to 1.3 ± 0.2°C, P < .05) and symptom scores (peak decrease from 7.4 ± 1.0 to 4.0 ± 1.2 points, P < .05).
In conclusion, our results show that ET-1 increases IL-1 production in the POA, and this effect appears to be correlated to ET-1-induced fever in vivo, as well as to PG production in vitro.
One case with repeated fever attacks after tonsillectomy showed increased monocyte IL-1β production, similar to the other active case with genetic variants of auto inflammatory disorder-associated genes.
IL-1 mediates host defence responses to local and systemic disease and injury (e.g. fever, slow-wave sleep, appetite suppression and neuroendocrine responses) and to neuroinflammation and cell death in neurodegenerative conditions, such as stroke and head injury.
CAPS are associated with gain-of-function mutations in the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex critical for the activation of IL-1ß, and are characterized by episodes of fever, urticaria-like rash, musculoskeletal, ocular, and neurological symptoms.
However, pretreatment with either the IL-1 receptor antagonist or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flurbiprofen completely abolishes adenovirus-induced fever, suggesting that IL-1 and prostaglandins are direct mediators of this response.
IL-18 uniquely induces IFN-gamma from T lymphocytes and natural killer cells but does not cause fever, whereas fever is a prominent characteristic of IL-1 in humans and animals.
Because PGE<sub>2</sub> mediates the pyrogenic effect of IL-1β, these effects might be especially relevant for the role of monocytes in the induction of fever.
Differences between early presymptomatic infection and natural infection involved genes that regulate the induction of apoptosis through mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and signaling pathways through the endogenous pyrogen IL-1beta, a major inducer of fever.
CAPS are associated with GOF mutations in the NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of IL-1ß leading to episodes of fever, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, articular, ocular, and neurological symptoms.
These results support the hypothesis that elevated temperature is one of the physiologic signals for down-regulation of IL-1 beta biosynthesis through a mechanism related to the induction of hsp.
Citral given by gavage caused no change in control euthermic rats (treated with saline) but blunted most of the assessed parameters related to the sickness syndrome [fever (hallmark of infection), plasma cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) release, and prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>) synthesis (both peripherally and hypothalamic)].
Therefore, P2X7R antagonists emerge as novel therapeutics for the treatment for acute inflammation, pain and fever, with wider anti-inflammatory activity than currently used cyclooxygenase inhibitors.-Barberà-Cremades, M., Baroja-Mazo, A., Gomez, A. I., Machado, F., Di Virgilio, F., Pelegrín, P. P2X7 receptor-stimulation causes fever via PGE2 and IL-1β release.