Plasma MSP concentrations were inversely associated with prostate cancer risk after adjusting for total prostate-specific antigen concentration [odds ratio (OR) highest versus lowest fourth of MSP = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.84, Ptrend = 0.001].
We assessed the performance of a 4-kallikrein panel with and without microseminoprotein-β to predict high grade (Gleason 7+/Gleason Grade Group 2+) prostate cancer on biopsy in a multiethnic cohort from PLCO (Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial).
Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that MSMB, NBL1 and AZGP1 were expressed with much higher specificity in PCa and NP than in 14 other kinds of normal tissue.
Across 66 meta-analyses, a total of 20 genetic variants involving 584,100 subjects in 19 different genes (KLK3, IGFBP3, ESR1, SOD2, CAT, CYP1B1, VDR, RFX6, HNF1B, SRD5A2, FGFR4, LEP, HOXB13, FAS, FOXP4, SLC22A3, LMTK2, EHBP1 and MSMB) exhibited significant association with prostate cancer.
Genome-wide significant associations were observed with 84 variants all located at the known PrCa risk regions at 8q24 (128.484-128.548) and 10q11.22 (MSMB gene).
A plausible functional basis for a few loci, such as FGFR2 for breast cancer and MSMB for prostate cancer, has been elucidated, but the majority are not understood and suggest new mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
For the two SNPs that had significant differences between more and less aggressive disease rs2735839 in KLK3 (P = 8.4 x 10(-7)) and rs10993994 in MSMB (P = 0.046), the alleles that are associated with increased risk for PCa were more frequent in patients with less aggressive disease.
In this report, individual domains of prostate cancer related biomarkers; MSMB and PSA were overexpressed in bacterial system and purified in their folded forms using affinity chromatography.
A total of 31 proteins were associated with prostate cancer risk including proteins encoded by <i>GSTP1</i>, whose methylation level was shown previously to be associated with prostate cancer risk, and <i>MSMB, SPINT2, IGF2R</i>, and <i>CTSS</i>, which were previously implicated as potential target genes of prostate cancer risk variants identified in genome-wide association studies.
Variants in the promoter of the MSMB gene have been associated with the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) in several independent genome-wide association studies.
Further improvement was achieved by multivariate logistic regression analysis, which identified novel duplex (TRPM8 and MSMB), triplex (plus AMACR) and quadriplex (plus PCA3) models for the detection of early CaPs (AUC=0.665, 0.726 and 0.741, respectively).
The observations that rs10993994 is the strongest associated variant in the region and its risk allele has a major effect on the transcriptional activity of MSMB, a gene with previously described prostate cancer suppressor function, together suggest the T allele of rs10993994 as a potential causal variant at 10q11 that confers increased risk of prostate cancer.
Additional copies of the prostate cancer risk allele resulted in lower beta-MSP but higher PSA levels, and singly explained 23% and 5% of the variation seen in semen beta-MSP and PSA, respectively.
We also review the diagnostic assays that are developed for PSP94 for use in the diagnosis of PCa and use of such tests in the differential diagnosis of PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Independent investigators have previously identified differential expression of two of these three genes, hepsin and beta-microseminoprotein, in prostate cancer.