Analysis of this lipid membrane revealed three distinct small MSC EV subtypes, each with a differential affinity for cholera toxin B chain (CTB), annexin V (AV), and Shiga toxin B chain (ST) that bind GM1 ganglioside, phosphatidylserine, and globotriaosylceramide, respectively.
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as cholera toxin B chain (CTB)- or annexin V (AV)-binding EVs were previously shown to be rich sources of biomarkers.
The specific detection of different EV populations secreted from mesenchymal stem cells is achieved with a SPR sensor chip modified with antibodies against the surface marker CD81 and magnetic nanoparticles binding the vesicles via annexin V and cholera toxin B chain.