However, individuals with sVL had fewer regulatory cells after SLA stimulation (CD4<sup>+</sup> CD25<sup>HIGH</sup>, <i>P</i> = 0.04 and CD4<sup>+</sup> FOXP3+, <i>P</i> = 0.02) than RecVL.
Moreover, the direct evidence of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells as a source of IL-10 and TGFβ during active VL could open new avenues for immunotherapy towards cure of this potentially fatal disease.
Additionally the data presented herein suggests that splenic FoxP3- and IL-17-producing cells are involved in the chronicity of visceral leishmaniasis.
The IL-10 production and Foxp3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from VL subjects were observed regulated significantly (p = 0.0131 and 0.0436 when compared with untreated samples) in presence of an antagonist to LFA-3.