Vitamin D also exerts protective effects against SLE through non-genomic factors, such as ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the prostaglandins (PGs), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and oxidative stress.
These data combine to suggest that celecoxib mainly uses the mitochondrial pathway rather than FADD pathway to trigger apoptosis of COX-2 expressing murine lupus T cells.