Obesity increases the expression of leptin and other cytokines, as well as some macrophage and inflammatory markers, and decreases adiponectin expression in adipose tissue.A number of cytokines, e.g. tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and some pro-inflammatory interleukins, leuckocyte antigens, chemochines, surface adhesion molecules and metalloproteases are up-regulated whereas other factors are down-regulated.
Obesity is associated with the changes of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) levels.
Obesity is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which promotes inflammation in adipose tissue.
Obesity is associated to a low-grade inflammation that alters the expression of adiponectin, leptin, IL-6, Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 (MCP1), TRAIL, LIGHT/TNFSF14, OPG, and TNFα.
Obesity had a negative impact on improvement in the DAS with 28 joints using ESR as an inflammation marker of -0.15 (95% CI: -0.26; -0.04) units for women receiving conventional synthetic DMARDs, -0.22 (95% CI: -0.31; -0.12) units for women receiving TNF inhibitors, -0.22 (95% CI: -0.42; -0.03) units for women receiving tocilizumab and -0.41 (95% CI: -0.74; -0.07) units for men receiving tocilizumab.
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is a candidate gene for the development of obesity, which in turn is a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus.
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), acting as a modulator of gene expression in adipocytes, has been linked to the development of insulin resistance and obesity.
Tumour necrosis factor alpha is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and obesity.
Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays an important role in obesity and related diseases.
TNF α, pro-inflammatory cytokine is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, therefore in present study we tried to find the association between TNF α promoter polymorphisms, TNF α levels and the risk of PCOS.
TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine is one of the major contributors for metabolic syndromes including insulin resistance, obesity, type II diabetes etc.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), acting as a modulator of gene expression in adipocytes, is implicated in the development of insulin resistance and obesity.