These studies evaluating the etiological roles of these factors in linking breast and thyroid cancer might also improve our understanding and identify new therapeutic approaches, such as sodium/iodide symporter-mediated radioiodine therapy and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antagonists, for breast cancer.
The mRNA expression levels of CSC- (CD133 and CD44) and ES-related genes (Oct4 and Nanog) were higher in TC tissue than in normal thyroid tissue, whereas the mRNA expression levels of thyroid-specific genes (Tg, TSHR, and TTF1) were higher in normal thyroid tissue than in TC tissue.
This review examines the evidence for TSHR signaling as an oncogenic pathway and assesses the evidence for ongoing TSHR expression in thyroid cancer metastases.
Our meta-analysis suggests that TSHR-mRNA might be a potential biomarker to complete present diagnostic methods for early and precision diagnosis of thyroid cancer.
Here, we present an example of the construction of silicon dioxide nanoparticles with thyroid-stimulating-hormone receptor-targeting ligand that can specifically target the thyroid cancer.
Gene expression was analyzed using fluidic cards containing probes and primers specific for the THRβ gene, as well as for genes of thyroperoxidase (TPO), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) and for some miRNAs involved in thyroid neoplasia and targeting THRβ.
In conclusion, our study showed a high implication of TSHR gene methylation and its significant association with BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid tumors, depicting a positive connection between TSHR pathway and MAP Kinase pathway.
The BRAF(V600E) mutation is present in 62% of radioactive iodine-resistant thyroid tumors and is associated with downregulation of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHr).
TSH receptor mRNA reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the Veracyte and Asuragen commercial methods, and the noncommercial use of BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARγ testing have promising roles in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with nodular thyroid disease and thyroid cancer.
Preoperative thyrotropin receptor messenger RNA was measured in 9 patients: 3 of 4 with thyroid cancer had elevated levels and 3 of 5 with goiters undetectable.
In addition, there was no correlation between NIS and TSHR in thyroid cancer, which may explain why, even after TSH stimulation, 10-20% of these malignant tumors are unable to concentrate enough radioiodine for effective therapy.
Circulating thyroid cancer cells detected by peripheral blood thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) mRNA have demonstrated usefulness for thyroid cancer diagnosis and long-term surveillance.
Recently, it has become possible to detect thyroid cancer cells in peripheral blood by measuring the mRNA of thyroid-specific genes, such as the mRNA of Tg and thyrotropin receptor.
Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies such as 5C9 may well provide the basis of new drugs to control TSHR activity including applications in thyroid cancer and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
As such, this article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins of the stimulatory family mutations in hyperfunctioning tumors; mutations in RAS and other genes and aneuploidy; PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangements; BRAF mutations; mutations in oxidative phosphorylation and Krebs cycle genes in Hürthle cell tumors; mutations in succinate dehydrogenase genes in medullary carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia; and mutations in TP53 and other genes in poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas.
Prevalence of mutations in TSHR, GNAS, PRKAR1A and RAS genes in a large series of toxic thyroid adenomas from Galicia, an iodine-deficient area in NW Spain.
Among these, thyroglobulin, and more recently thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor mRNAs' provide high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for thyroid cancer detection.
Here we present the state-of-the-art concerning the role of TSHR in thyroid cancer and discuss it in light of the cancer stem cell theory or the classical view.
Methylation of thyroid-specific genes, such as those for sodium/iodide symporter and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, is also common in thyroid cancer.
As disturbed thyrotropin receptor signaling plays a central role in hot thyroid nodules, the identification of effective low-molecular-weight thyrotropin receptor ligands, such as thyrotropin receptor agonists, inverse agonists and antagonists has a pharmacologic potential in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer, Graves' disease and hot thyroid nodules, respectively.