Thereafter, we focused on the four miRNAs that showed group differences and measured their content in neurally derived blood EVs isolated from 63 subjects: 16 patients with early stage dementia and a CSF Aβ42+ tau profile consistent with AD, 16 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and an AD CSF profile, and 31 cognitively intact controls with normal CSF Aβ42+ tau levels.
Potential predictors included CSF biomarkers, cognitive performance (verbal learning and memory), apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype, medial temporal lobe atrophy, family history of dementia, depressive symptoms, and vascular factors, including the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) risk score.
An individual person's risk of progression from MCI to dementia can be improved by relying on CSF biomarkers in addition to recommended clinical and imaging tests for usual care.
Prognostic models were developed by Cox regression with patient characteristics, MRI, and/or CSF biomarkers to predict clinical progression to MCI or dementia.
However, looking into the multifactorial nature of AD and the overlapping pathology with other forms of dementia, it is important to integrate the core CSF biomarkers with a broader panel of other biomarkers reflecting different aspects of pathology.
Hence, with the appropriate clinical context; the CSF marker profile could be helpful in distinguishing DLB from PDD patients even in early stages of dementia.
Ample evidence is available for phase 1 (identifying useful leads) and phase 2 (assessing the accuracy for AD dementia versus controls) for CSF biomarkers.
In this multicentre study in clinical settings, we assessed the accuracy of optimized procedures for FDG-PET brain metabolism and CSF classifications in predicting or excluding the conversion to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia and non-AD dementias.
To determine whether the Alzheimer's disease (AD) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42), total tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) are associated with delirium in hip fracture patients with and without dementia.
This may indicate that Aβ levels in the CSF are affected significantly by ventriculomegaly and not as much by pathophysiological pathways characteristic for each dementia entity.
A total of 1,081 adults without dementia (375 healthy subjects and 706 individuals with mild cognitive impairment) were recruited from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to test the influence of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on cognitive impairment, brain structure atrophy, and change in the levels of CSF biomarkers.
Subjects with dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) due to AD have been found to have higher CSF cortisol levels than cognitively healthy controls.
In a non-research setting, CSF biomarkers for AD showed a high sensitivity in accordance with previous studies, but modest specificity differentiating AD from other types of dementia or MCI.
Most use CSF biomarkers to diagnose atypical (84%) and early-onset cases of cognitive impairment (71%) and for the differential diagnosis of other dementias (69%).
Several CSF biomarkers have been evaluated for their utility in diagnostic processes in different neurodegenerative dementias; however, evidence regarding their role in neurodegenerative overlaps is still limited.
The progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia can be predicted by cognitive, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers.
CSF tau and <sup>18</sup>F-AV-1451 have equal performance in early clinical stages of AD, but <sup>18</sup>F-AV-1451 is superior in the dementia stage, and exhibits close to perfect diagnostic performance for mild to moderate AD.
The finding that amnestic MCI based on brief neuropsychological assessment is significantly associated with CSF biomarkers for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease is in accordance with longitudinal studies that find memory impairment; both in itself and especially in combination with other cognitive deficit to constitute a risk factor for subsequent cognitive decline and dementia.
Three studies on stroke reported mixed findings but were limited due to the small number of patients undergoing CSF examination, whilst neurosyphilis continued to be reported as a common cause of dementia in studies from North Africa.
Analysis of 4 subgroups (Cognitive impairment ± and Biomarkers ±) showed significant associations of dementia and CSF biomarker concentrations to mortality after an AHF.
To investigate the cognitive profile of healthy individuals with increased Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) dementia risk score and to explore whether this association is related to vascular burden and CSF biomarkers of amyloidosis and neurodegeneration.
A diagnosis of dementia is currently made in terms of probability and is based on clinical evaluation (neuropsycological tests) as well as on the results of morphological imaging investigations (MRI) that can be supported by biohumoral (CSF analysis), and functional imaging only in the case of uncertain diagnosis of disease.