(1,2) The PON1 activity and the polymorphism of the PON1 and PON2 genes have been found to be associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases such as hypercholesterolaemia, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infaction.
Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is an HDL-bound esterase enzyme associated with CVD, but its relationship with incident hypertension has not been previously investigated.
Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme with antioxidative properties, which may protect against the development of cardiovascular disease.
As PON1 plays a protective role in organophosphate toxicity, and, because of its antioxidant capacity, in cardiovascular disease, a better understanding of how PON1 can be modulated by environmental factors has potential toxicological and clinical consequences.
As such, PON1 status will be more useful than genotyping alone for identifying individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease, for predicting sensitivity to OP insecticides, and possibly nerve agents, for predicting the disposition of drugs known to be activated or hydrolyzed by PON1 and for developing robust pharmacokinetic models for each of these roles of these roles of PON1.
As such, PON1 status will be more useful than genotyping alone for identifying individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease, for predicting sensitivity to OP insecticides, and possibly nerve agents, for predicting the disposition of drugs known to be activated or hydrolyzed by PON1 and for developing robust pharmacokinetic models for each of these roles of these roles of PON1.
Decreased PON1 activity might contribute to an increased propensity for the development of cardiovascular disease in women with PCOS in addition to known risk factors, such as insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and increased oxidative stress.
Due to the importance of PON1 in the functionality of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and its association with CVD, further explorations of its epigenetic regulation using advanced methods such as Methyl-Seq may lead to the identification of new epigenetic contributors that in turn may lead to targeted therapies.
Even though there has been an extensive investigation of the enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a biomarker of susceptibility for CVD, there are few reports studying PON1 in MDs.
Finally, a subset of antioxidant enzymes, the paraoxonases (PON), deserves special attention due to abundant clinical evidence accumulated regarding reduced serum PON1 activity in CKD as a contributor to the increased burden of cardiovascular disease.
Given that the amount and the activity of PON1 in human serum are significantly lower in people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, enhancing both parameters might contribute to their treatment and prevention.