<b>Areas covered</b>: We considered available evidence implicating TLR 4 activation in the following CNS pathologies: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, multiple systems atrophy, and Huntington's disease.
<b>Background</b>: Recent research has identified the nucleotide polymorphisms of KIdney and BRAin expressed protein (KIBRA) to be associated with cognitive performance, suggesting its vital role in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying molecular mechanism of KIBRA in AD remains obscure.
<b>Background:</b> Phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (<i>PICALM</i>) rs541458 C allele has been identified and validated to be associated with a reduction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.
<b>Background:</b> rs9357347 located at the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (<i>TREM</i>) gene cluster could increase TREM2 and TREM-like transcript 1 (TREML1) brain gene expression, which is considered to play a protective role against Alzheimer's disease (AD).
<b>Background:</b> rs9357347 located at the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (<i>TREM</i>) gene cluster could increase TREM2 and TREM-like transcript 1 (TREML1) brain gene expression, which is considered to play a protective role against Alzheimer's disease (AD).
<b>Background:</b> Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ peptides and tau proteins) improved the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in research and clinical settings.
<b>Background:</b> Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ peptides and tau proteins) improved the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in research and clinical settings.
<b>Background:</b> Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ peptides and tau proteins) improved the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in research and clinical settings.
<b>Background:</b> Investigation on neurochemical changes in the frontal cortex in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and different Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, using <i>ex vivo</i> solid-state high-resolution NMR analysis, may lead to a better understanding of the neurochemistry associated with AD as well as new AD-specific metabolite biomarkers that might potentially improve the clinical diagnosis of AD.
<b>Background:</b> Recent genome-wide association screening (GWAS) studies have linked Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology to gene networks that regulate immune function.Kan et al. recently reported that <i>Arg1</i> (an anti-inflammatory gene that codes for arginase-1) is expressed in parts of the brain associated with amyloidosis prior to the onset of neuronal loss, suggesting that chronic brain arginine deprivation promotes AD-related neuropathology.
<b>Background:</b> The beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been described to associate/aggregate on the cell surface disrupting the membrane through pore formation and breakage.
<b>Background:</b> The apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (<i>ApoE</i> ε4) allele and female gender may be important risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).
<b>Conclusion:</b> ICA shows the neuroprotective effects via modulating the CD4<sup>+</sup> T lymphocyte-related immuno-inflammatory responses in APP/PS1 mice and may be a promising drug against AD progression.
<b>Conclusion:</b> Taken together, the results indicate that the aberrations in cardiac function and aortic elastin morphology observed in the 3xTg mouse model of AD can be prevented with exercise training and treatment with resveratrol.
<b>Conclusion:</b> These findings highlight a potential role of APOE ε4 status in affecting the association of hippocampus size with delayed recall memory in the early stage of AD.
<b>Conclusion:</b> This first PET investigation with longitudinal TSPO and amyloid PET together with terminal cognitive testing in an AD mouse model indicates that continuing microglial response seems to impart preserved cognitive performance.
<b>Conclusions</b>: Due to the important roles played by IL-23/IL-17A axis in AD pathogenesis, it can be considered as a target for immunotherapy against AD.
<b>Conclusions:</b> Aβ may have subtle associations with other hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease before Aβ biomarkers reach conventional thresholds for Aβ-positivity.