We aimed to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity (antithyroid peroxidase auto-antibodies [TPO-Ab]) in patients on first-line HAART, identify risk factors for thyroid dysfunction and determine any association of thyroid dysfunction with HAART.
Thyroid autoimmunity (antibodies against thyroid peroxidase [TPO-Abs] and thyroglobulin [TG-Abs]) and thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] and free thyroxin [FT4]) were determined.
The following terms were used for the search: [subclinical hypothyroidism OR thyroid autoimmunity OR thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) OR thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-Ab)] AND (levothyroxine OR euthyrox) AND [pregnancy outcome OR miscarriage OR abortion OR pregnancy loss OR preterm birth OR premature delivery OR early labo(u)r].
However, the subset of hypothyroidism single-nucleotide polymorphisms involved in autoimmunity and thyroid peroxidase antibodies levels were not associated with AF.
Instead thyroid peroxidase, one of the major thyroid autoantigens, is also expressed in breast tissue and therefore represents the main antigenic link between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer.
<sup>131</sup>I-IGD was more common in patients with pre-treatment direct or indirect signs of autoimmunity: positive anti-TPO (p < 0.05), glandular hypoechogenicity, TRAbs within reference range, diffuse uptake on 99mTc-pertechnetate scans (p < 0.05), findings that may increase the risk tenfold.
Although numerous papers demonstrated the significant increase in the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity (positive intrathyroidal lymphocyte infiltration and/or anti-thyroglobulin/thyroid peroxidase antibodies) in patients with thyroid cancers as compared to those with benign nodules, and also the significant increase in the prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in patients with thyroid autoimmunity as compared to those without, there are some crucial biases that should be taken into account for their interpretation.
Autoantobodies (AAbs) to thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) as well as AAbs to transglutaminase 2 (anti-TG2) and antibodies to gliadins (anti-gliadins) are serological markers of autoimmune thyroid disease and celiac disease, respectively, and players in pathogenesis of these autoimmune diseases.
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which is characterized by an increased presence of thyroid autoantibodies (TAbs), such as antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPOAbs) and antibodies against thyroglobulin (TgAbs), has been reported to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because AITD and RA both involve autoimmunity.
We have recently shown that thyroperoxidase antibody positivity impairs the thyroidal response to hCG stimulation, which may suggest that this is a mechanism through which thyroid autoimmunity acts as a risk factor for thyroid disease.
Autoimmune diseases in the family increased the risk of thyroid autoimmunity: TPOAb (OR: 2.2, <i>p</i> = 0.012), any autoantibody (OR: 1.7, <i>p</i> = 0.04), and both autoantibodies (OR: 2.2, <i>p</i> = 0.024).
We recently showed that thyroid autoimmunity severely attenuated the thyroidal response to hCG stimulation and that this may underlie the higher risk of premature delivery in thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb)-positive women.
The high prevalence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) in patients with breast cancer and their protective role had previously been demonstrated, indicating a link between breast cancer and thyroid autoimmunity.
Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies against H pylori (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), CagA protein (Western blot assay), circulating antibodies to thyroid antigens, mainly thyroperoxidase (TPOAbs) and thyroglobulin (TgAbs), were tested in 101 females with HT and 111 non-HT control women without a history of autoimmune disease.
Non-organ specific AAb (ANA, anti-Ro52, anti-Ro60, anti-La, anti-RNP) but not anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-tissue transglutaminase or myositis-specific antibodies, were more frequent in s-IBM patients, and 14/51 (27%) had another autoimmune disease (Sjögren's syndrome, thyroiditis, psoriasis, vitiligo).
Using thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAbs) as an indicator of thyroid autoimmunity, we assessed whether the association of these loci is different in type 1 diabetes patients with TPOAbs than in those without.