Increasing attention has been paid to the roles of microRNAs (miRs) in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, including miR‑1 and miR‑133 (in the electrophysiological response), and miR‑34a (in cardiac fibrosis).
MicroRNA‑34a (miR‑34a) is a senescence‑associated miR involved in the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, while macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cardioprotective cytokine with an important role in cardiovascular diseases.
MiR-34 levels are relatively low in the cardiovascular system, but recently they have been reported to function in cardiovascular disorders by regulating apoptosis, telomere attrition, DNA damage, and inflammatory response.