The aim of this study was to determine the associations of leptin, adiponectin (ADA), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‑α), and irisin levels with the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) on admission to the hospital as well as parameters of transthoracic echocardiography among inpatients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Adiponectin, a highly abundant polypeptide hormone in plasma, plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism in a wide variety of tissues, as well as providing important beneficial effects in diabetes, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.
Using linear regression, and with adjustment for demographics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and abdominal muscle area and density, a 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in total abdominal IMAT area was associated with a 21%, 36% and 20% higher IL-6, leptin, and CRP, respectively, and 19% lower adiponectin (p<0.001).
Omentin and adiponectin are among the anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic adipokines that have potentially beneficial effects on cardiovascular disorders.
In this review, we not only discuss the favorable adipokines like adiponectin, omentin, C1q tumor necrosis factor-related proteins, but also unfavorable ones like resisitin and visfatin, in the aim of finding potential biomarkers recommended for the clinical use in the diagnosis, prognosis and follow up of patients with T2D at high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases as well as leading to new therapeutic approaches.
Although adiponectin is a major adipocytokine that affects the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases, its clinical significance in stroke remains controversial.
In addition to these factors, metabolic syndrome may also be related to genetic factors, the ADIPOQ + 45T> G polymorphism has been associated with serum adiponectin levels, insulin sensitivity, and obesity, which affects adiponectin levels act as protective factor for cardiovascular disease.
Obesity is accompanied by adipose tissue remodeling characterized by increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, leptin and resistin and reduced secretion of adiponectin, which favors inflammation, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
Among men in this HIV-infected cohort, the prevalence of lipodystrophy was similar to previous estimates for persons living with HIV, and was associated with lower adiponectin levels, potentially indicating increased cardiovascular disease risk.
Circulating adiponectin concentrations are reduced in obese individuals, and this reduction has been proposed to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
High leptin and low adiponectin are indicative of increased adiposity and suggests a potential parallel with human obesity and cardiovascular disease in males.
Adipose tissue-derived adiponectin has pleiotropic protective effects with suppression of inflammatory and metabolic derangements that may result in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular disease.
Some studies have surprisingly indicated that serum adiponectin is positively related to mortality rate, thus casting doubts on its role as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease.
With adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, inflammatory biomarkers, physical activity, and sedentary behavior, a 1-SD increment in total abdominal, stability, and locomotor muscle area was associated with a 19%, 17%, and 12% lower adiponectin level, respectively (P < 0.01 for all) but not leptin (P > 0.05).
Associations between three common single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs266729, rs2241766, and rs1501299) of ADIPOQ and cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis.
These findings raise the possibility that adiponectin has different effects in patients with type 2 diabetes and ACS than in populations without prevalent cardiovascular disease.
Female Ldlr<sup>-/-</sup>Sort1<sup>-/-</sup> mice on a high-fat/cholesterol diet had elevated plasma Fibroblast growth factor 21 and Adiponectin, an adipokine that when reduced is associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease-related factors.
These results indicate that canagliflozin may improve adipose tissue function and induce changes in serum leptin, adiponectin, and IL-6 that favorably impact insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease risk.