This study demonstrated that ACE I/D but not BDKRB2-58T/C polymorphism could be a predictor for the risk of ACE inhibitor-induced cough, especially in east Asians and the aged.
Given the knowledge that some adverse drug reactions, such as torsade de pointes and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough, occur more frequently in women, we emphasize the need to test medications thoroughly in both sexes and explore sexual dimorphisms.
Most clinical ACE inhibitor(s) (ACEi) have been shown to inhibit both domains nonselectively, resulting in adverse effects such as cough and angioedema.
The reporting of cough with ACE inhibitors was increased with age until reaching a plateau at middle adulthood (40-59 years) and the reporting of angioedema with ACE inhibitors was increased with age until elderly (60-79 years).
Data on patients with angioedema or cough induced by ACE inhibitors were collected from the Swedish database of spontaneously reported ADRs or from collaborating clinicians.
rs4340 polymorphism at intron 16 of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (CD143) gene was reported to repress cough reflex by reducing bradykinin and substance P levels, thus increasing the likelihood to develop pneumonia.
Clinical observations suggest that incidence of cough in Chinese taking angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is much higher than other racial groups.
ABO genetic polymorphisms have recently been associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and inflammation, which play a critical role in the pathogenic mechanism of ACE inhibitor-induced cough.
Our objective was to assess the relationship between the ACE I/D polymorphism and ACEI-related cough by meta-analysis and to summarize all studies that are related to ACE I/D polymorphism and ACEI-cough and make a summary conclusion to provide reference for the researchers who attempt to conduct such a study.
We found that genetic polymorphisms in MME [rs2016848, P=0.002, odds ratio (OR)=1.795], BDKRB2 (rs8012552, P=0.012, OR=1.609), PTGER3 (rs11209716, P=0.002, OR=0.565), and ACE (rs4344) genes are associated with ACEi-related cough.
We found no significant links between polymorphisms of the ACE gene or bradykinin B2 receptor gene with ACE inhibitor-induced coughing in hypertensive Koreans.
We have reported that use of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, which is a class of antihypertensive agent that induces cough, is an independent factor in reducing risk of pneumonia among elderly inpatients.