Mean concentrations of cytokines in aqueous humour in patients with neovascular AMD before the first and third ranibizumab injections were as follows (in pg/mL): CXCL1, 8.4 and 3.3; IP-10, 110 and 55; CXCL12, 480 and 240; CXCL13, 9.2 and 2.6; MCP-1, 620 and 220; CCL11, 7.1 and 2.8; IL-6, 5.9 and 1.6; IL-10, 0.15 and 0.015 (all p<0.0001), and MMP-9, 0.92 and 1.5 (p=0.0216), respectively.
Other murine models target genes relevant to AMD, including inflammatory genes such as Cfh(-/-), Ccl2(-/-), Ccr2(-/-), Cx3cr1(-/-), and Ccl2(-/-)/cx3cr1(-/-), oxidative stress associated genes such as Sod1(-/-) and Sod2 knockdown, metabolic pathway genes such as neprilysin(-/-) (amyloid beta), transgenic mcd/mcd (cathepsin D), Cp(-/-)/Heph(-/Y) (ferroxidase ceruloplasmin/hepaestin, iron metabolism), and transgenic ApoE4 on high fat and high cholesterol diet (lipid metabolism).