Importantly, TNFα stimulation of TNBC:MSC "Contact" co-cultures <i>in vitro</i> has increased the aggressiveness of the tumor cells <i>in vivo</i>, leading to higher incidence of mice with lung metastases than non-stimulated TNBC:MSC co-cultures.
In conclusion, engineered MCSs/TNFα administered intravenously did not demonstrate significant antitumor effect against experimental melanoma lung metastases in this model settings.
Drug administration of the combination of paclitaxel with the TNFα nanobody in vivo significantly enhanced the efficacy against 4T-1 breast tumor proliferation and lung metastasis; meanwhile, E-cadherin tumor epithelial marker expression was upregulated, supporting the anti-tumor therapeutic relevance of paclitaxel and the TNFα nanobody on EMT.
Enhancement of active MMP release and invasive activity of lymph node metastatic tongue cancer cells by elevated signaling via the TNF-α-TNFR1-NF-κB pathway and a possible involvement of angiopoietin-like 4 in lung metastasis.
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), delivered as a membrane-bound molecule expressed on the surface of adenovirus-transduced CD34(+) cells (CD34-TRAIL(+)), was analyzed for its apoptotic activity in vitro on 12 breast cancer cell lines representing estrogen receptor-positive, HER2(+) and triple-negative (TN) subtypes and for its effect on tumor growth, vascularization, necrosis, and lung metastasis incidence in NOD/SCID mice xenografted with the TN breast cancer line MDA-MB-231.