We aimed to investigate the effect of the TGF-β2/Smad3 and sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Glioblastoma (Gli) signaling pathway and their crosstalk in the hippocampus of rats with ISO post-conditioning after cerebral I/R injury.
Survival analyses indicated that a group of patients with high expression levels of TGF-β2 mRNA or pSmad1/5/8 protein have inferior outcome.We thus provide potential biomarkers for patient stratification in clinical trials of anti-TGF-β therapies in glioblastoma.
We performed a phase I clinical trial in grade IV astrocytoma to assess the safety of a whole-cell vaccine comprising autologous tumor cells genetically modified by a transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) antisense vector.
Taken together, the data provide evidence that in addition to the well-characterized 25 kDa form of TGF-beta 2glioblastoma cells also secrete a high molecular weight form (90-120 kDa) with the biological characteristics of TGF-beta 2.
As mRNA for G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 was also identified in fresh surgically removed human glioblastoma tissue, G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 may also be secreted within the tumor in vivo.