Taken together, these results suggest that HIF‑1α may contribute to tumor migration via the overexpression of VEGF in GBC, while metformin is able to inhibit tumor migration by targeting the HIF‑1α/VEGF pathway.
Several molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), are involved in the angiogenesis process and their expression on tumor samples has been explored as prognostic marker in both cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer.
Allele A of VEGF g.43737830A>G was risk associated with GBC and CC (OR = 1.48 and OR = 1.70), while G allele was risk protective for GBC and CC (OR = 0.67 and OR = 0.58).
To determine that function of the SCAMP1 gene, we examined the effects of SCAMP1 knockdown on pancreatic and gallbladder cancer proliferation, migration, and invasion using SCAMP1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the activity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Specifically, variants in the IL8, IL8RB, RNASEL, and NOS2 genes were associated with biliary stones, whereas VEGF variants were associated with gallbladder cancer.