Thrombospondin-1-derived 4N1K peptide expression is negatively associated with malignant aggressiveness and prognosis in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.
IGFBP-5 is one of the binding proteins that regulate insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and its significance has not been comprehensively evaluated in UCs.
EMP2 was identified as a tumor-suppressor gene in urinary tract urothelial carcinoma and may be an innovative co-targeting candidate for designing integrin-based cancer therapy.
Ring finger protein 1 (RING1) have recently been reported to be related to aggressive tumor features in Prostate Cancer and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
DHCR24 is an independent predictor of progression in patients with non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, and its functional role is involved in the aggressive properties of urothelial carcinoma cells.
Toll-like receptor 6 and connective tissue growth factor are significantly upregulated in mitomycin-C-treated urothelial carcinoma cells under hydrostatic pressure stimulation.
FGFR3 immunohistochemistry staining is present in one third of primary muscle-invasive UCs and half of metastases, while FGFR3 mutations and copy number changes are relatively uncommon.
Flotillin-1 (FLOT1) is known to have a role in tumorigenesis; however, the effect of FLOT1 on proliferation and recurrence of human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is unclear.
NOTCH1 and its ligand, DLL1, were expressed at plasma membranes and in the cytoplasm of cells in the upper normal urothelium layer, but became downregulated in UC tissues, especially in high-stage tumours.
GPX2 protein underexpression was also significantly associated with advanced pT status, nodal metastasis, high histological grade, vascular invasion, and frequent mitoses in both groups of UCs (all p < 0.05).
ERCC1 has been proposed as a prognostic and predictive biomarker for patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder but there are limited data on patients after radical cystectomy.
UBQLN2 immunostaining had an overall sensitivity of 87.6%, specificity of 98.6%, positive predictive value of 97.8% and negative predictive value of 92.8% for the detection of urothelial carcinoma.