Conclusions This exploratory study found low serum levels of 5-HT to be associated with constipation and the presence of TPH-1 and AADC Aabs, but not with symptoms of depression.
Recommended management options aimed toward maximizing safety and optimizing neurocognitive outcome include: (1) biannual then annual in-hospital comprehensive evaluation with (i) physiologic studies during awake and asleep states to assess ventilatory needs during varying levels of activity and concentration, in all stages of sleep, with spontaneous breathing, and with artificial ventilation, and to assess ventilatory responsiveness to physiologic challenges while awake and asleep, (ii) 72-hour Holter monitoring, (iii) echocardiogram, (iv) evaluation of ANS dysregulation across all organ systems affected by the ANS, and (v) formal neurocognitive assessment; (2) barium enema or manometry and/or full thickness rectal biopsy for patients with a history of constipation; and (3) imaging for neural crest tumors in individuals at greatest risk based on PHOX2B mutation.
Also alpha synuclein deposition and the associated neurodegeneration in the enteric nervous system that increase intestinal permeability, oxidative stress, and local inflammation, accounts for constipation in Parkinson's disease patients.
Taken together, UDO, which can be easily obtained through milling to a satisfactory particle size, exhibited obvious laxative effect in diphenoxylate-induced constipated mice, and the mechanism might be associated with elevated levels of AChE, Gas, MTL, SP, and reduced production of SS.
LP-YS3 also elevated motilin (MTL), endothelin (ET), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), substance P (SP), and VIP serum levels and reduced somatostatin (SS) levels in constipated mice.
Larger numbers of patients need to be studied to investigate whether low SP is primarily associated with the constipation or RET mutation and if it is a common feature of MEN 2B.
To gain insight into the key role of intestinal microbiota in constipation and metabolic differences caused by isoflavones deficiency, we observed a significant decrease in fecal pellet numbers, fecal water content, intestinal transit rate together with the serum concentrations of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in NISO group, compared with those in the ISO group.
Compared with the constipation model group, the mulberry-treated groups showed decreased aquaporin gene expression (Aqp3, Aqp4, Aqp8 and Aqp9), decreased serum levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters (nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide) (P < 0.05), and increased serum levels of excitability neurotransmitters (acetyl choline, substance P, and motilin).
Cyclooxygenase-dependent alterations in substance P-mediated contractility and tachykinin NK1 receptor expression in the colonic circular muscle of patients with slow transit constipation.
AABP significantly increased the levels of gastrin (Gas), motilin (MTL), substance P (SP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and decreased the NO content of loperamide-induced rats to ameliorate constipation in the rats.
The plasma concentrations of 5-HT in Group T was lower than Group C at T<sub>1</sub> (348.54 ± 138.49 vs. 418.69 ± 124.68, P = 0.03), T<sub>2</sub> (324.28 ± 112.73 vs. 398.52 ± 114.53, P < 0.01), T<sub>4</sub> (309.64 ± 129.09 vs. 388.46 ± 115.36, P = 0.04) postoperatively and concentrations of SP at T<sub>1</sub> (59.38 ± 24.68 vs. 78.93 ± 26.32, P < 0.01), T<sub>2</sub> (49.36 ± 25.55 vs. 66.49 ± 23.57, P = 0.02), T<sub>3</sub> (42.19 ± 24.36 vs. 64.15 ± 28.16, P = 0.04), T<sub>4</sub> (39.26 ± 19.88 vs. 54.64 ± 20.62, P = 0.02) postoperatively were also lower than Group C. Meanwhile, the occurrences of vertigo (6.7 vs. 18.3%, P < 0.01), nausea and vomiting (11.7 vs. 21.7%, P < 0.01), constipation (10.0 vs. 20.0%, P = 0.03) in Group T were also lower.
The results demonstrated that UKP significantly increased feces condition (fecal output and dejecta moisture content, gut transit (the intestinal propulsion rates) and substance P (SP) levels in portal vein plasma, and it decreased the whole gut transit time and mucinogen granules secreted by goblet cell in constipated mice.
Compared with the constipation model group, the mulberry-treated groups showed decreased aquaporin gene expression (Aqp3, Aqp4, Aqp8 and Aqp9), decreased serum levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters (nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide) (P < 0.05), and increased serum levels of excitability neurotransmitters (acetyl choline, substance P, and motilin).
AABP significantly increased the levels of gastrin (Gas), motilin (MTL), substance P (SP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and decreased the NO content of loperamide-induced rats to ameliorate constipation in the rats.
To gain insight into the key role of intestinal microbiota in constipation and metabolic differences caused by isoflavones deficiency, we observed a significant decrease in fecal pellet numbers, fecal water content, intestinal transit rate together with the serum concentrations of substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in NISO group, compared with those in the ISO group.
The levels of aquaporins (AQP-2, AQP-3, and AQP-4) and inhibitory neurotransmitters (nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin) in the BC-treated groups reduced by 31.9-40.0% ( p < 0.01) and 21.1-67.7% ( p < 0.01) compared to those in the constipation group, respectively.
The mechanism of HSVP in regulating intestinal water metabolism in constipated rats may occur through the VIP-cAMP-PKA-AQP3 signaling pathway, and be closely related to changes in intestinal bacteria.
LP-YS3 also elevated motilin (MTL), endothelin (ET), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), substance P (SP), and VIP serum levels and reduced somatostatin (SS) levels in constipated mice.
Patients with constipation have slow waves in their gastrointestinal smooth muscles and less faecal water contents, which are closely associated with down-regulation of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the gastrointestinal muscles and the aquaporin protein AQP3 expressed in colon epithelial cells.
Compared with the constipation model group, the mulberry-treated groups showed decreased aquaporin gene expression (Aqp3, Aqp4, Aqp8 and Aqp9), decreased serum levels of inhibitory neurotransmitters (nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide) (P < 0.05), and increased serum levels of excitability neurotransmitters (acetyl choline, substance P, and motilin).
GIT ratio and loperamide-induced serum metabolic parameters, such as gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), and somatostatin (SS) significantly changed after supplementation with taurine in loperamide-induced constipated rats.