Finally, we suggest directions for the future that might elucidate the role of the PON genetic polymorphisms in this potentially important function of PON(s) and the role in coronary heart disease and other related diseases.
The observation indicates that the polymorphisms in the MMP-9 and PON1 192 genes potentially play a role in the manifestation of coronary atherosclerosis but does not have any effect on the number of diseased vessels in Iran.
HDL-associated paraoxonase (PON1) reduces oxidation of lipids in LDL, and activity is inversely related to coronary heart disease risk with a beneficial effect on the development of atherosclerosis.
It is a very important observation, however, because genetic influences are not likely to be confounded by other factors linked with both coronary heart disease and diminished paraoxonase 1 activity.
PON1 and PON2 have attracted considerable attention as candidate genes for coronary heart disease because their enzymes function as key factors in lipoprotein catabolism pathways.
The Q/R192 variants of PON1 are not associated with severity, progression or regression of coronary atherosclerosis, plasma lipid levels, clinical events, or response to treatment with fluvastatin.
High PON1 activity connected with the presence of CC and CT genotypes decreases the recurrence of symptoms of coronary heart disease and improve prognosis after CABG.
In the light of recent findings, we believe that genetic epidemiological studies of the paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms in relation to coronary heart disease should no longer be undertaken unless they are very large and prospective in nature.
The current results strongly suggest that Zn may have a protective effect in non-coronary atherosclerosis and indicate that this element may exert its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions through interactions with PON1 activity.
Studies have been conducted to evaluate the possible "protective" role of PON, and especially the influence of the Arg-->Gln 192 polymorphism, in coronary artery disease.
The PON1 polymorphisms are important in determining the capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against oxidative modification in vitro and this may explain the relationship between the PON1 alleles and coronary heart disease in case-control studies.
The association of paraoxonase 1 gene L55M polymorphism with the extent and severity of coronary artery disease in the Turkish population and its dependence on gender.