Finally, we suggest directions for the future that might elucidate the role of the PON genetic polymorphisms in this potentially important function of PON(s) and the role in coronary heart disease and other related diseases.
The observation indicates that the polymorphisms in the MMP-9 and PON1 192 genes potentially play a role in the manifestation of coronary atherosclerosis but does not have any effect on the number of diseased vessels in Iran.
HDL-associated paraoxonase (PON1) reduces oxidation of lipids in LDL, and activity is inversely related to coronary heart disease risk with a beneficial effect on the development of atherosclerosis.
The Q/R192 variants of PON1 are not associated with severity, progression or regression of coronary atherosclerosis, plasma lipid levels, clinical events, or response to treatment with fluvastatin.
In the light of recent findings, we believe that genetic epidemiological studies of the paraoxonase 1 polymorphisms in relation to coronary heart disease should no longer be undertaken unless they are very large and prospective in nature.
Studies have been conducted to evaluate the possible "protective" role of PON, and especially the influence of the Arg-->Gln 192 polymorphism, in coronary artery disease.
The PON1 polymorphisms are important in determining the capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against oxidative modification in vitro and this may explain the relationship between the PON1 alleles and coronary heart disease in case-control studies.
The association of paraoxonase 1 gene L55M polymorphism with the extent and severity of coronary artery disease in the Turkish population and its dependence on gender.
The present study revealed an association between carrier state of Q allele of PON1 gene and coronary artery disease as well as synergistic effects between genotype and some conventional risk factors, mainly smoking and elevated level of total cholesterol.
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) polymorphisms have been implicated as risk factors for coronary artery disease, but the results of genetic association studies on the related phenotype of ischemic stroke are inconclusive.
These results suggest that some of the population differences in association with risk for coronary heart disease can be explained by population differences in haplotype frequency of PON1 haplotypes.
The association of the PON1Q192R polymorphism with coronary heart disease: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health cohort study and a meta-analysis.
Ex vivo, the PON1 polymorphisms are important in determining the capacity of HDL to protect LDL against oxidative modification in vitro and this may explain the relationship between the PON1 alleles and coronary heart disease in case-control studies.