<b>Abbreviations</b>: CBA: Controlled Before and After; GSD: Government Service Delivery; IWDSSD: International Drinking-Water, Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD); KAP: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices; IBD: Irritable Bowel Diseases; MDG: Millennium Development Goals; NTD: Neglected Tropical Diseases; PSSD: Private Sector Service Delivery; SDG: Sustainable Development Goals; SSA: Sub Saharan Africa; SODIS: Solar Disinfection System; STH: Soil Transmitted Helminths; RCT: Randomised Control Trial; WASH: Water Sanitation and Hygiene; WHO: World Health Organization.
<b>Abbreviations</b>: CBA: Controlled Before and After; GSD: Government Service Delivery; IWDSSD: International Drinking-Water, Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD); KAP: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices; IBD: Irritable Bowel Diseases; MDG: Millennium Development Goals; NTD: Neglected Tropical Diseases; PSSD: Private Sector Service Delivery; SDG: Sustainable Development Goals; SSA: Sub Saharan Africa; SODIS: Solar Disinfection System; STH: Soil Transmitted Helminths; RCT: Randomised Control Trial; WASH: Water Sanitation and Hygiene; WHO: World Health Organization.
<b>Abbreviations</b>: CBA: Controlled Before and After; GSD: Government Service Delivery; IWDSSD: International Drinking-Water, Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD); KAP: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices; IBD: Irritable Bowel Diseases; MDG: Millennium Development Goals; NTD: Neglected Tropical Diseases; PSSD: Private Sector Service Delivery; SDG: Sustainable Development Goals; SSA: Sub Saharan Africa; SODIS: Solar Disinfection System; STH: Soil Transmitted Helminths; RCT: Randomised Control Trial; WASH: Water Sanitation and Hygiene; WHO: World Health Organization.
<b>Abbreviations</b>: CBA: Controlled Before and After; GSD: Government Service Delivery; IWDSSD: International Drinking-Water, Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD); KAP: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices; IBD: Irritable Bowel Diseases; MDG: Millennium Development Goals; NTD: Neglected Tropical Diseases; PSSD: Private Sector Service Delivery; SDG: Sustainable Development Goals; SSA: Sub Saharan Africa; SODIS: Solar Disinfection System; STH: Soil Transmitted Helminths; RCT: Randomised Control Trial; WASH: Water Sanitation and Hygiene; WHO: World Health Organization.
<b>Conclusions:</b> The self-monitoring of IBD activity with a combination of a rapid fecal calprotectin home test and a symptom questionnaire provides an option for individualized care for IBD patients.
<i>Conclusion.</i> Upregulation of TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 suggests the involvement of bacteria or dysregulation of the immune response to commensal flora in small bowel mucosa in IBS patients.
<i>Results.</i> We found increased mRNA expression of TLR4 (mean fold change 1.85 ± 0.31 versus 1.0 ± 0.20; <i>p</i> < 0.05), TLR5 (1.96 ± 0.36 versus 1.0 ± 0.20; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and TLR9 (2.00 ± 0.24 versus 1.0 ± 0.25; <i>p</i> < 0.01) but not of TLR2 in the small bowel mucosa from patients with IBS compared to the controls.
<i>Results.</i> We found increased mRNA expression of TLR4 (mean fold change 1.85 ± 0.31 versus 1.0 ± 0.20; <i>p</i> < 0.05), TLR5 (1.96 ± 0.36 versus 1.0 ± 0.20; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and TLR9 (2.00 ± 0.24 versus 1.0 ± 0.25; <i>p</i> < 0.01) but not of TLR2 in the small bowel mucosa from patients with IBS compared to the controls.
<i>Results.</i> We found increased mRNA expression of TLR4 (mean fold change 1.85 ± 0.31 versus 1.0 ± 0.20; <i>p</i> < 0.05), TLR5 (1.96 ± 0.36 versus 1.0 ± 0.20; <i>p</i> < 0.05) and TLR9 (2.00 ± 0.24 versus 1.0 ± 0.25; <i>p</i> < 0.01) but not of TLR2 in the small bowel mucosa from patients with IBS compared to the controls.
5-HT3 receptors are known to be involved in mediation of nausea/emesis caused by chemo/radio-therapy and anaesthesia, and more recently have also been found to be involved in irritable bowel syndrome.
IBD-associated diarrhea may be due to a coordinated downregulation of multiple Na(+) transporter and related regulatory proteins, including NHE1,3, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and ENaC, as well as NHERF1,2, and ClC-5, all of which are involved directly or indirectly in intestinal Na(+) absorption.
IBD-associated diarrhea may be due to a coordinated downregulation of multiple Na(+) transporter and related regulatory proteins, including NHE1,3, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and ENaC, as well as NHERF1,2, and ClC-5, all of which are involved directly or indirectly in intestinal Na(+) absorption.