We therefore investigated the possibility of using DNA-vaccination against Leishmania donovani infection with the A2 virulence gene and whether inhibiting the cellular p53 response could increase the effectiveness of the A2 DNA vaccine. p53, also known as the guardian of the genome, is activated following DNA transfection and has pleotropic effects on cells, which could have adverse effects on the effectiveness of DNA-vaccination.
According to RNase protection assay and immunohistochemistry, iNOS mRNA and protein were expressed at higher levels in bone marrow of patients with visceral leishmaniasis than in controls.
Analyses showed that the distribution of TNFA RFLP alleles (TNF1 and TNF2) and the TNF MSM alleles (TNFa1 to TNFa15) differed between individuals with VL and those with DTH+ phenotypes.
Transmission disequilibrium testing with robust variance estimates confirmed association in the presence of linkage between VL per se and IL4 (P=0.008) but not IL9.
Transmission disequilibrium testing with robust variance estimates confirmed association in the presence of linkage between VL per se and IL4 (P=0.008) but not IL9.
Hence, polymorphism in a type 2 cytokine gene influences underlying susceptibility to VL, whereas IFNGR1 is specifically related to susceptibility to PKDL.
However, sequencing of a portion of the cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene indicates that the parasite that invades the oral mucosa is divergent from other parasites causing VL.
However, sequencing of a portion of the cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene indicates that the parasite that invades the oral mucosa is divergent from other parasites causing VL.
To extend testing the therapeutic effects of applying IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) blockade with antileishmanial chemotherapy, BALB/c mice with established intracellular Leishmania donovani infection were injected once with anti-IL-10R mAb at the time low-dose, daily pentavalent antimony (Sb) therapy was initiated.
Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 DNA vaccination induces complete protection against both pentavalent antimonial-sensitive and -resistant strains of Leishmania donovani that correlates with inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and IL-4 generation: evidence for mixed Th1- and Th2-like responses in visceral leishmaniasis.
Iron and infection: effects of host iron status and the iron-regulatory genes haptoglobin and NRAMP1 (SLC11A1) on host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis and HIV.
In comparison with those in KA lesions, mRNA levels for IFN-gamma , TNF-alpha , and IL-6 were found to be significantly elevated in PKDL lesions, implying that these cytokines play an important role in PKDL pathogenesis.
Susceptibility to KA was shown to depend on a locus on chromosomes 22q12 and on NRAMP1 on chromosome 2q35; the data also suggested a third locus in the region 2q23-q24.
Present at a frequency of 7.2%, the IL-2-Rbeta G245R was identified in a population of Eastern Sudan exposed to a severe outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disease associated with a marked depression of T-cell antigen-specific responses.
However, additional genetic association with a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (IL2RB+8777T) suggests that other variations of IL2RB or nearby genes participate in the highly significant linkage with VL at 22q12 previously reported for this population.