A blood monocyte population with a gene signature comprising upregulated expression of TGM2, CTLRs, VDR, PKM, SOCS1, and CAMP1 and downregulated expression of NOS2 and HIF1A was observed in patients with VL but not in controls.
According to RNase protection assay and immunohistochemistry, iNOS mRNA and protein were expressed at higher levels in bone marrow of patients with visceral leishmaniasis than in controls.