Because mice appear to show mostly single gene inheritance for NTDs and humans show multifactorial inheritance, mice sometimes have been characterized as a simpler model for the identification and study of NTD genes.But are they a simple model?
Among the two communities, Muslim NTD mothers had higher TT genotype showing increased risk for neural tube defects (adjusted OR: 12.9; 95% CI: 1.21-136.8) and lower folic acid supplementation (adjusted OR: 3.5; 95% CI: 1.18-10.22).
Similarly, attention focused on the human homologues of mouse NTD genes has contributed only limited positive findings to date, although an emerging association between genes of the non-canonical Wnt (planar cell polarity) pathway and NTDs provides candidates for future studies.
The inspired suggestion by Smithells that common vitamins might prevent NTDs ignited a decade of biochemical investigations-first exploring the nutritional and metabolic factors related to NTDs, then onto the hunt for NTD genes.
Possible interaction of genotypes at cystathionine beta-synthase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) in neural tube defects. NTD Collaborative Group.
Genetic correlation of human neural tube defects (NTDs) with NTD genes identified in mouse may unravel predisposing complex traits for assessment of individual risk and treatment in clinical settings.
The thermolabile variant of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is not a major risk factor for neural tube defect in American Caucasians. The NTD Collaborative Group.
Furthermore, doubly heterozygous mouse embryos lacking one copy each of Shroom3 and Folr1 exhibit a low rate of neural tube defects and also have lower levels of activated myosin light chain and MLCK.
For MTHFD1rs2236225 polymorphism, mothers having GA genotype and A allele exhibited an increased risk of NTDs in the offspring (OR = 2.600, 95%CI: 1.227-5.529; OR = 1.847, 95%CI: 1.047-3.259).
For MTHFRrs1801133 polymorphism, mothers having TT and CT genotypes were more likely to affect NTDs in the offspring (OR = 4.105, 95%CI: 1.271-13.258; OR = 3.333, 95%CI: 1.068-10.400).
Low maternal folate concentrations and maternal MTHFRC677T polymorphism are associated with an increased risk for neural tube defects in offspring: a case-control study among Pakistani case and control mothers.
This study aims to evaluate the association between genetic defects in folate metabolism pathway genes, mainly: Folate hydrolase 1 (FOLH1), Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and neural tube defects from eastern India.
For rs2236225 within MTHFD1, children with allele A or genotype AA had a high NTDs risk (OR=1.500, 95%CI=1.061~2.120; OR=2.862, 95%CI=1.022~8.015, respectively).