Further stratification of the patient population by gender, age of disease onset, HLA-type, family history of autoimmune disease, history of anti-desmoglein (anti-Dsg) 3 or anti-Dsg1 antibody response, history of lesion morphology, and disease duration did not uncover significant associations between the PTPN22 1858T allele and PV subgroups.
HLA-DQB1*05:03 ranks at the top (P = 4·7 × 10<sup>-40</sup> ; odds ratio 12·4) in both subtypes, with significantly different risk allele frequency (RAF<sub>PV</sub> = 34·2% vs. RAF<sub>PF</sub> = 18·8% vs. RAF<sub>control</sub> = 4·4%), whereas HLA-DRB1*14:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:06 are PV specific.
Our findings suggest that HLA-DRB1*04:02, DRB1*14:04, HLA-DQB1* 03:02 and DQB1*05:03 alleles and HLA-DRB1*04:02-DQB1*03:02 and HLA-DRB1*14:04-DQB1*05:03 haplotypes are genetic markers for susceptibility for PV, while DRB1*11 allelic group appears protective in Serbian population.
For the HLA variants, we confirmed independent genome-wide level risk associations in HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1, with DQB1*05:03 to be the strongest association with PV (P = 8.59 × 10<sup>-68</sup> , OR = 31.16) and PF (P = 4.84 × 10<sup>-17</sup> , OR = 5.64).
We compared high resolution MHC class II alleles and haplotype frequencies (HLA-DRB, DQA1 and DQB1) in 37 patients with PV to 89 haplotypes of normal relatives from New Delhi and Ahmedabad.
The IL-6 -174 CC genotype represents a marker of increased susceptibility to pemphigus in Egyptian patients and GG genotype can be considered a low-risk genotype; TNF-α -308 A-containing genotypes contribute to the susceptibility to PV only.
Among the large number of studied SNPs, it was found that several SNPs in different genes might control the susceptibility of PV, including TNFA (rs361525, rs1800629, rs1800629), IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800896, rs1800871, and rs1800872), IL6 (rs1800795), CTLA4 (rs231775), ICOS (rs10932029), CD86 (rs1129055), DSG3 (rs8085532, rs3911655, rs3848485, rs3794925, rs1466379), ST18 (rs2304365, rs17315309) and TAP2 (rs7454108), probably in a population-specific manner.
Among the large number of studied SNPs, it was found that several SNPs in different genes might control the susceptibility of PV, including TNFA (rs361525, rs1800629, rs1800629), IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800896, rs1800871, and rs1800872), IL6 (rs1800795), CTLA4 (rs231775), ICOS (rs10932029), CD86 (rs1129055), DSG3 (rs8085532, rs3911655, rs3848485, rs3794925, rs1466379), ST18 (rs2304365, rs17315309) and TAP2 (rs7454108), probably in a population-specific manner.
High-resolution melting analysis to screen the ST18 gene functional risk variant for pemphigus vulgaris: The occasion to open a debate on its usefulness in clinical setting.
In contrast to the unique distribution of the HLA-B alleles, HLA-A and C alleles were unremarkable in patients with PV when compared with normal control subjects.
Twenty-one Israeli Jewish pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients were studied for the HLA-D lymphocyte defined determinants and the serologically defined antigens of the HLA-A, B, and DR series.
The IL-6 -174 CC genotype represents a marker of increased susceptibility to pemphigus in Egyptian patients and GG genotype can be considered a low-risk genotype; TNF-α -308 A-containing genotypes contribute to the susceptibility to PV only.
Our preliminary results suggest that certain TNF-alpha and IL-10 gene polymorphisms might contribute to genetic susceptibility to pemphigus vulgaris; however, their overall impact on disease development will be rather limited.
HLA-Cw*14 may be the predisposing allele to PNP in Chinese patients, which is different from the predisposing allele in French patients with PNP and the alleles predisposing to pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus.
In comparison to healthy controls, the following observations were made: (i) Hsp90 was highly expressed in the skin of BP patients, whereas its serum levels were decreased and inversely associated with IgG autoantibody levels against the NC16A immunodominant region of the BP180 autoantigen, (ii) in contrast, neither aberrant levels of circulating Hsp90 nor any correlation of this protein with serum autoantibodies was found in a control cohort of autoimmune bullous disease patients with pemphigus vulgaris, (iii) Hsp90 was highly expressed in and restrictedly released from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of BP patients, and (iv) Hsp90 was potently induced in and restrictedly secreted from human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells by BP serum and isolated anti-BP180 NC16A IgG autoantibodies, respectively.
Among the large number of studied SNPs, it was found that several SNPs in different genes might control the susceptibility of PV, including TNFA (rs361525, rs1800629, rs1800629), IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800896, rs1800871, and rs1800872), IL6 (rs1800795), CTLA4 (rs231775), ICOS (rs10932029), CD86 (rs1129055), DSG3 (rs8085532, rs3911655, rs3848485, rs3794925, rs1466379), ST18 (rs2304365, rs17315309) and TAP2 (rs7454108), probably in a population-specific manner.
In conclusion, it is suggested that HLA-B*44:02, -C*04:01, -C*15:02 alleles and HLA-A*03:01, -B*51:01, -C*16:02 haplotype are susceptibility factors for development of pemphigus vulgaris in the Iranian population, while HLA-C*06:02, -C*18:01 alleles and HLA-A*26:01, -B*38, -C*12:03 haplotype may be considered as protective alleles.
Two PVTAP2 risk alleles were identified (TAP2*C and TAP2*D), the frequency of which was estimated to be 37.8% in the patients and 5.3 % in the controls.
A fine-mapping analysis of PV risk in the major histocompatibility complex region showed three independent variants predisposed to PV using stepwise analysis: HLA-DRB1*14:04 (P = 2.47 × 10<sup>-38</sup>, odds ratio = 6.28), rs7454108 at the TAP2 gene (P = 2.78 × 10<sup>-12</sup>, odds ratio = 3.25), and rs1051336 at the HLA-DRA gene (P = 3.06 × 10<sup>-6</sup>, odds ratio = 0.33).